Page PageSusan M. Johns
1997 CODI Conference
Mesa, AZ
April 9-11, 1997
During recent beta testing of the new PAC for Windows, or PAC GUI, several questions arose concerning product design and product development. This presentation is perhaps more pie-in-the-sky wonderment than a critique of or direction for PAC for Windows, although the second presentation this hour, given by Lisa Godfrey and Stephanie Jones of Ameritech Library Services, will more directly address some of the design issues of PAC for Windows.
Nevertheless, one graphical issue that immediately struck me, which I use more as a means of illustration than as a criticism, is the very first banner screen of PAC for Windows, which will you note prominently displays the date of May 5.
Now, many of you probably know the significance of May 5. And probably equally as many here probably do not. This was one of the first questions I posed to Lisa, not only "What is May 5?" but "WHY did you chose May 5?"
We'll begin with the following cultural awareness quiz, for which I would like to ask all of you to participate, don't be shy, speak up, and help me out here!
Any significance to the following dates?
February 6 (Waitangi Day, or New Zealand Day)
April 12 (Halifax Day)
April 23 (St. George's Day)
May 17 (Syttende Mai)
What does knowing (or not knowing) the significance of these days tell you about yourself, and about those sitting next to you? Webster defines culture in this sense, as "the concepts, habits, skills, arts, instruments, institutions, etc. of a given people in a given period; civilization." However, alternate definitions which also seem to apply to our presentation to day are the definitions of culture as "the raising, improvement, or development of some plant, animal, or product", and "the training and refining of the mind, emotions, manners and taste."
How on earth does this relate to graphical product development for library automation?
Nakakoji defines culture as "the beliefs, value system, norms, mores, myths,and structural elements of a given organization, tribe, or society, more than mere language translation." As end-users and automation products become more global in scope, culture plays an exceedingly important role in the design, support, and implementation of our library systems.
becomes very important, particularly as we develop and use User interfaces for products with a global market. When outsourcing to other countries, we work and communicate with people we have never met in person. Work culture values and views differ from our own.
Many of us today, even though we may be residents of the contiguous United States, have only met each other on Dynix_l, our listserv. And so today, we meet each other in living color in all sizes and shapes and put names to faces we have never seen but have extensively exchanged ideas with over the past year.
"Although technologies transform culture and thought to amplify human productivity...a system's functionality... is often unconsciously affected by the underlying traditions of the system designer's culture." (Nakakoji)
It's often hard for us to realize our own biases until we stick our necks out and leave home base. I love being from Pittsburg, Kansas. For starters, 98% of the salespeople that call think I live in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. And, thanks to Judy Garland and The Wizard of Oz there are so many wonderful cliche phrases I can use here. Hey, I'm not in Kansas today, I'm in Arizona. But you know what, whether you like it or not, I'm bringing with me bias that's part of me and my institution in Kansas. And during this conference I am now going to be influenced and exposed to cultural biases that you have packed in your suitcases and brought with you!
It's not that we have biases that are wrong, or more right than someone else's. But particularly in design, often a great tool doesn't quite work the way it was envisioned when it moves from one culture to another. What happens when the tools, the design, the look and feel, the icon, the color, the mechanics: what happens when they're designed for a local market and then are transported to a distinctly different culture and tried to be made to work?
Sundials perform as clocks in sunny climates -- they are more useful in
Phoenix than in Boston and of no use at all during the Arctic winter.
Herbert Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press, 1981)
Nakakoji presents and interesting tale of a small-scale interface research project (Teasley), designed to ascertain what a global, or maybe even a gender-specific user interface design might be. I shall call it for our purposes today,
The participants included:
Three interfaces were designed with three distinct target user groups in mind:
In creating this interface, the researchers started with several assumptions about their users' needs and preference.
The researchers also posed questions in the form of self evaluation to the participants. What were they thinking?
While this is but one single research project on a small scale, it does demonstrate a few things other than the obvious, that more research is needed. Teasley and Nakakoji concluded that
To these, I would add:
Now, before all the vendor reps hasten themselves to the door and say Pffft, that's it, we're outta here, why are we sitting through a user conference with a bunch of users who don't know what they want?, let's discuss vendors for a moment. And let's discuss some of the demands that we as users place on them.
How many times have we just said it doesn't do enough, it needs to do EVERYTHING? Or to put it in terms we deal with today in this room, I want what Australia has and the UK wants what I have, and why can't it be delivered by July 1997?
Based on this perceived need and distress by their clients, it is often wise for vendors to:
Ha! Easy for me to say! I'm just the nagging user who needs everything yesterday.
We must also acknowledge a slightly different cross cultural development that goes on within the sphere of vendor versus customer.
Of course, don't tell us we don't know what we're really asking for!
Further cross cultural development occurs even within vendor organizations, from management to programmer, or, for instance even within the Product Development Division, tremendous cross cultural interchanges occur between programmers and library analysts. From these cultural exchanges, we strive toward:
Two examples that come to mind in this scenario; one, the predominance of male programmers versus female library analysts. Is this gender bias? Profession bias? Or cultural bias? What cultural exchanges and solutions are needed to get information conveyed accurately within a group such as this?
The second, is perhaps more perceived than real, but I'll use Alice Clay's post on Dynix_l the other day as an example. Alice found a gold mine. Alice found a utility program that solved frustrations that she had been collecting from the first day she loaded Release 140 two years ago. Alice, and a lot of other users, probably would like to see this utility turned into a feature, a menu option, the best thing since sliced pie. I don't know, to the programmer who wrote it, what is its significance? Just a tool? Just a quick fix to a support log? No doubt in Alice's mind this significant utility has been really undervalued for quite some time, and Alice in turn shared all the news with her friends and we have a happy Alice and a happy ending.
I want to make special emphasis of the last point. Exploit opportunities to establish successful cross cultural collaboration. Is this not why we are all here? I guess, I'm exercising my own personal bias, that the product and vendor we are all using currently wants to be a global product and a global vendor. Dynix_l came online, and guess what: continents talk to one another! We as users, I believe, have more in mind than simply acquiring everything that the other guy across the pond already has. We have found, by talking to one another, not only differences, but SOLUTIONS! IDEAS! VISION! COMMUNITY! Oooh, even FUN? That's why we're here today! How do we continue to promote and establish successful cross cultural collaboration? And how do we do it effectively to help rather than hinder our vendor of choice?
But we go back to our more global emphasis.
The first, most obvious ego-centric question to anyone in Kansas is, well, you don't really need anything in a language other than English do you? One of the things that delighted me in a statistical sense was when New York Public came online and indicated what percentage of their collection for their patrons was non-English material. You don't have to be in Canada to have French material in your collection in your library, and you don't have to working in Mexico in order to need a Spanish public access catalog interface.
PeopleSoft is actually an enterprise resource planning product, that is, human resource management software coupled with financial, distribution, and manufacturing applications (Frye), not unlike a library system with patrons and a circulation, public access, and cataloging accounts. While the software differs, the global experiences are of interest to us. As the software was developed and marketed, the following issues arose:
Their goals as a company were:
Analysis of their users, customers, and competitors revealed that:
Embarking? On what??
The process of providing a computer system that handles a variety of language, country, and cultural conventions.
Internationalization attempts to eliminate cultural specifics, and design culture-independent user information and interfaces. (Nakakoji)
User information includes user manuals and documentation, menu labels, graphical representations, icons, error messages, even sound messages. (Nakakoji)
Think, if you will, of the problems back in the old days of IBM Selectric typewriters. Remember how difficult it was to switch typing elements from italic to letter gothic? System I18N is not so much providing a standalone translation of a product (i.e., the German version, shall we say), as it is facilitating changing from italic to letter gothic in mid-sentence without having to lift your fingers off the keyboard. I can, currently, with Windows 95, play Tetris in French. I cannot, however, switch from French to English in mid-game, or simultaneously see my English and French instructions in a toggle-fashion to compare what's being said
Let's reiterate the third point as well. Software that I might design in Kansas has to work in Glasgow. What Glasgow designs has to work in Ottawa, and what Ottawa designs has to work in Sydney. The only way this level of understanding, communication, and design is going to take place is if everybody is designing by the same rules, or standards. We'll come back to that in a minute
Let's go back to our own product here for a moment. Let's talk zdaemons for a minute. They're great little pockets of code that make the z39.50 interfaces work, but hey, I'm on an AIX platform. Do you know how much space on my machine is used to store the Alpha and the HP and all the other platform zdaemon files? Too much! :-)
Delays: We know currently what the delay interval is from the US to Australia, the UK, the Netherlands, Austria, wherever. How do we eliminate this or least drastically reduce it?
Just when you thought it was a safe acronym, I learned in preparing for this presentation that LISA no longer means the Library and Information Science Abstracts. It now means, the Localisation Industry Standards Association, an organization set up in Geneva to assist global companies in understanding local standards and global differences in Switzerland and nearby countries (Preston).
Ah, now we get to the stuff that sets librarians on edge. Sorting lists and using numeric indexes over alphabetic indexes?? What is the world coming to now?
Okay, another cultural exercise. This room is filled with predominantly US-centristic Dynix system administrators. They nice, they're intelligent, I love 'em all, but repeat after me: ZED 39.50. Again? ZED 39.50. Does it feel okay to you out there? Great, okay, now if I say ZEE 39.50 for the rest of this presentation, you'll excuse me, right, because you now know it's just cultural baggage I brought with from Kansas, right?
Bill Kneedler, wizard of all things that have to do with operating systems and equipment and things that make my eyes roll out of their sockets, said to me in email one day, "you ARE going to talk about Unicode, right?" So I figured, hey, that's cool, a quick search on www.dogpile.com, and I should know what the heck he's talking about. :-) For the rest of you, I've left a lot of technical programmer stuff out of this discussion, because I didn't think any of us wanted to learn more than we had to today about separated strings and objects and global states. If you do want to know all that and become a Unicode whiz, well, go get the 4.5-pound book, Unicode Version 2 that's listed on the bibliography. I assure you I had no room in my suitcase to bring it along as a show and tell item, because my luggage was already full with all those zzzzs.
If we start from the beginning, ASCII, ISO 646 was the first attempt at standardizing character sets, however ASCII was a U.S. standard based on 256 characters. Easy pie, US English. Very few characters, very little gender in the language.
English, for ASCII, was easy. We have a small quantity of characters in the alphabet and acknowledged control characters and other miscellaneous representations of numbers and symbols. As more languages were added to the concept, ASCII quickly became inadequate for languages having too many characters to fit into a single 8-bit format.
Eventually we ran out of bytes and still had more symbols in use around the world, thus the advent of the DBCS, and finally Unicode. By using 2 bytes for each symbol of an alphabet, we now have a potential of 65,000 placeholders for symbols if you will, under ISO 10646.
Unicode is a subset of ISO 10646. ISO 10646 actually duplicates many of the CJK characters and stores characters in 4 byte chunks. There is some discussion still on how best to handle the CJK character sets, the least of these is how to map them to keyboards, switch keyboards, or abandon keyboards altogether and simply use voice recognition or pen pads; i.e., is it easier to draw the CJK character yourself than hunt for what control sequence it is on a non-standard keyboard?
"The Unicode standard is a fixed-width, 16-bit character encoding system that contains codes for every character needed by the major writing systems currently in use in the modern world, along with codes for a full range of punctuation, symbols, and control characters" (Davis et al.)
Emphasis on the word "standard". In some online databases of librarian creation, Unicode is mistakenly indexed under "programming language".
Unicode associates semantic information with each character that can be used to simplify text processing features. Each character can have an associated set of descriptive type properties identifying, for example:
Several problems remain, and these include the fact that there are still no universal standards for dates, measurements, and money. Now transmitting 2-byte characters means transmission of data may be twice as long, and storage of such data may be twice as large. Issues of whether to use 2-byte or 4-byte sizes for the CJK codes continue to be of concern, but well over half of the allocated 65,536 possible 2-byte "places" or "code points" are still "unallocated", allowing (hopefully) room for considerable expansion.
Unicode is not just being implemented by the library community. It is in PC and Macintosh based products already available around the world. I refer you to the bibliography entry on "The Unicode Consortium Language Page", which shows a rather comprehensive demonstration of a single page on the World Wide Web where you can simply click on a button and see a Unicode-based language version before your very eyes.
The biggest question in my mind as I prepared this presentation was really this: how on earth does the MARC record structure fit into this? Well, thankfully there are more forward thinkers and doers than I, because, there is a ta-da, UNIMARC format being refined even as we speak.
UNIMARC is defined as:
The UNIMARC book, published by the folks at IFLA, thankfully is not nearly as weighty as the Unicode book, but is equally as complex. For starters,
But, the advent of Unicode does give us much more flexibility to display, edit, index, and maintain in their correct language and format library materials that are not in English. Specifically,
Remember, because Unicode can handle diacritics, punctuation, and other anomalies peculiar to a specific language or dialect, these are applied in a much different manner for indexes than we now currently use (experience, endure!) This is where the semantic intent and context-sensitive Unicode will aid library software design greatly; it is a benefit, however, that is at the expense of completely rewriting the software to allow for "locales" of rules specific to each language's materials. Unicode will be able to handle the following situations:
Additional formatting and programming issues that Unicode will address, include:
While data manipulation is of extreme importance to the library community, let's go back to the screen design for a moment. Unicode "locales" of various language versions need to also consider:
Work has been done in appropriateness of color in knowledge based expert systems (Nakakoji), and this coupled with more sociological and psychological studies on the differences of color across cultures gives developers and graphic designers a good base of data on which to build icons and screens with non-symbolic information appropriate to the purpose of the interface design.
We will turn color and icon issues over to the next part of the presentation, but one word about music and sounds, and that is to stress that sounds are highly dependent on culture and are even harder to define in terms of cultural taboos and benefits. Beeps, error notification, phrase jingles, and other forms of "sound" need to be cautiously applied, and more research is mandated to do this up "right". Many web pages, as an example, allow you to listen to a certain track of music while you shop or browse an online catalog. But to do this successfully on a global scale is something that will continue to develop.
The IFLA site at Stirling University, Scotland for Icon design, while the project is a few years old now, is interesting to see an attempt at creating and analyzing icon meaning. It's worth a visit
All issues outlined in the last several minutes are issues to think about. In our use of web-based products, our own PAC for Windows software, and in other products and services currently available to us, an awareness of cultural issues we bring with us as users, as well as those projected by the designers and developers, are important to remember. Why do we react favorably (or unfavorably) to some designs? How are user preferences and ability to learn and understand information influenced by color, gender, semantics and culture?
While much research has been presented today, more research is needed and will continue as designers work with users in finding precisely that right space of seamless and stellar interface for our displays and data.
Our next presenters from Ameritech, will now present "icon bingo" and describe the processes used to design and select graphical representations in the new PAC for Windows product.
British Library and Biblioteca Nazionale, Definition of a Basic European Character Set (Workpackage Three), Final Report, Public Version, July 1993, http://www.konbib.nl/kb/sbo/proj/edbib/wp3.html
British Library National Bibliographic Service, Towards a Common MARC Format, Proceedings of an open meeting held at the Library Association Headquarters, London, 21 July 1995, http://portico.bl.uk/nbs/marc/commarcm.html
Clay, Alice, Thank you, ALS, personal communication on Dynix_l, April 3, 1997.
Davis, J.E. and J. D. Grimes et al., Creating Global Softare : Text Handling and Localization in Taligent's CommonPoint Application, p. 227(17), in IBM Systems Journal 35(2), 1996. (#9606283014).
del Galdo, Elisa and Jakob Nielsen, International User Interfaces, John Wiley and Sons, 1996 (ISBN 0-471-14965-9).
Fowles, Ken, Unicode Evolves, p. 105-109, in Byte, March 1997.
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Send comments to: suzyq@pittstate.edu
Susan M. Johns-Smith
Axe Library
Pittsburg State University
1605 South Joplin Street
Pittsburg, KS 66762
Phone: 620-235-4115
This page last updated Thursday, 12-Jul-2007 20:15:11 CDT